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(n.d.). <em>Investment Policy Framework for Sustainable Development (IPFSD)<\/em>. 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Middle East and Central Asia Dept. &#8220;Arab Republic of Egypt: Request for Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility-Press Release; and Staff Report&#8221;, IMF Staff Country Reports 2023, 002 (2023), accessed October 18, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5089\/9798400228469.002\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5089\/9798400228469.002<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_44164_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629- \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u2013 \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 170 \u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_44164_1('footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_44164_1('footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_44164_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Patrick Werr and Karin Strohecker. \u201cEgypt Announces Billion UAE Investment on Mediterranean Coast.\u201d Reuters, February 23, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/egypt-announces-multi-billion-uae-investment-boost-forex-2024-02-23\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/egypt-announces-multi-billion-uae-investment-boost-forex-2024-02-23\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_44164_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 35 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 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\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 2024 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 50 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_44164_1('footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_44164_1('footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_44164_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Central Bank of Egypt. \u201cInternational Reserves.\u201d Accessed November 2, 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbe.org.eg\/ar\/markets\/international-reserves\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cbe.org.eg\/ar\/markets\/international-reserves<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_44164_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_44164_1('footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_44164_1('footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_44164_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC). \u201cEgypt\u2019s Economy Achieves a Turnaround with UAE Support.\u201d Middle East Economy Watch, September 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pwc.com\/m1\/en\/publications\/middle-east-economy-watch\/september-2024\/Egypt-economy-achieves-turnaround-uae-support.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.pwc.com\/m1\/en\/publications\/middle-east-economy-watch\/september-2024\/Egypt-economy-achieves-turnaround-uae-support.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_44164_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-44167\" src=\"https:\/\/www.arab-reform.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643-\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a-720x461.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"461\" \/><br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 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\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_44164_1('footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_44164_1('footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_44164_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mona Esam and Maye Ehab. Construction Supply Chain, Inter-Sectoral Linkages and Contribution to Economic Growth: The Case of Egypt. Working Paper No. 184 (December 2015). Cairo: Egyptian Center for Economic Studies. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eces.org.eg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/W-P-184-En.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.eces.org.eg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/W-P-184-En.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_44164_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c 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onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_44164_1('footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_44164_1('footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_44164_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 620 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 80 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2024\u060c 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Masr. \u201cCompetition Regulator Approves ADQ\u2019s Acquisition of Stakes in 3 State-Owned Petroleum Companies.\u201d Mada Masr, November 12, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madamasr.com\/en\/2024\/11\/12\/news\/economy\/competition-regulator-approves-adqs-acquisition-of-stakes-in-3-state-owned-petroleum-companies\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.madamasr.com\/en\/2024\/11\/12\/news\/economy\/competition-regulator-approves-adqs-acquisition-of-stakes-in-3-state-owned-petroleum-companies\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_44164_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_44164_1('footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_44164_1('footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_44164_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Sovereign Fund of Egypt (TSFE). Portfolio of the fund, Accessed November 5, 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/tsfe.com\/ar\/portfolio.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tsfe.com\/ar\/portfolio.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_44164_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0641\u064a 2020\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a 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\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u00bb. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_44164_1('footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_44164_1('footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_44164_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Manshurat. \u201c\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 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Egypt\u2019s Tobacco Market.\u201d Mada Masr, 5 September 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madamasr.com\/en\/2023\/09\/05\/news\/economy\/uae-investors-acquire-state-owned-stake-in-eastern-company-dominate-40-of-egypts-tobacco-market\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.madamasr.com\/en\/2023\/09\/05\/news\/economy\/uae-investors-acquire-state-owned-stake-in-eastern-company-dominate-40-of-egypts-tobacco-market\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_44164_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.ekb.eg\/article_312596_b5ad3fb797ce9d3da37d89d5775973e7.pdf\">https:\/\/journals.ekb.eg\/article_312596_b5ad3fb797ce9d3da37d89d5775973e7.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_44164_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_44164_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_44164_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_44164_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (n.d.). <em>Investment Policy Framework for Sustainable Development (IPFSD)<\/em>. UNCTAD. <a href=\"https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/investment-policy-framework\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/investment-policy-framework<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept. &#8220;Arab Republic of Egypt: Request for Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility-Press Release; and Staff Report&#8221;, IMF Staff Country Reports 2023, 002 (2023), accessed October 18, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5089\/9798400228469.002\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5089\/9798400228469.002<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Patrick Werr and Karin Strohecker. \u201cEgypt Announces Billion UAE Investment on Mediterranean Coast.\u201d Reuters, February 23, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/egypt-announces-multi-billion-uae-investment-boost-forex-2024-02-23\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/egypt-announces-multi-billion-uae-investment-boost-forex-2024-02-23\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Central Bank of Egypt. \u201cInternational Reserves.\u201d Accessed November 2, 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbe.org.eg\/ar\/markets\/international-reserves\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.cbe.org.eg\/ar\/markets\/international-reserves<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC). \u201cEgypt\u2019s Economy Achieves a Turnaround with UAE Support.\u201d Middle East Economy Watch, September 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pwc.com\/m1\/en\/publications\/middle-east-economy-watch\/september-2024\/Egypt-economy-achieves-turnaround-uae-support.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.pwc.com\/m1\/en\/publications\/middle-east-economy-watch\/september-2024\/Egypt-economy-achieves-turnaround-uae-support.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mona Esam and Maye Ehab. Construction Supply Chain, Inter-Sectoral Linkages and Contribution to Economic Growth: The Case of Egypt. Working Paper No. 184 (December 2015). Cairo: Egyptian Center for Economic Studies. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eces.org.eg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/W-P-184-En.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.eces.org.eg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/W-P-184-En.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 620 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 80 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2024\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 51 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 8 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u061b \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mada Masr. \u201cCompetition Regulator Approves ADQ\u2019s Acquisition of Stakes in 3 State-Owned Petroleum Companies.\u201d Mada Masr, November 12, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madamasr.com\/en\/2024\/11\/12\/news\/economy\/competition-regulator-approves-adqs-acquisition-of-stakes-in-3-state-owned-petroleum-companies\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.madamasr.com\/en\/2024\/11\/12\/news\/economy\/competition-regulator-approves-adqs-acquisition-of-stakes-in-3-state-owned-petroleum-companies\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Sovereign Fund of Egypt (TSFE). Portfolio of the fund, Accessed November 5, 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/tsfe.com\/ar\/portfolio.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/tsfe.com\/ar\/portfolio.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Manshurat. \u201c\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0631\u0642\u0645 177 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2018.\u201d Accessed November 5, 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/manshurat.org\/node\/71107\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/manshurat.org\/node\/71107<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 32 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2014 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 71 (2023)\u060c \u0635\u0640 275\u2013312. \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637:<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mada Masr. \u201cUAE Investors Acquire State-Owned Stake in Eastern Company, Dominate 40% of Egypt\u2019s Tobacco Market.\u201d Mada Masr, 5 September 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madamasr.com\/en\/2023\/09\/05\/news\/economy\/uae-investors-acquire-state-owned-stake-in-eastern-company-dominate-40-of-egypts-tobacco-market\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.madamasr.com\/en\/2023\/09\/05\/news\/economy\/uae-investors-acquire-state-owned-stake-in-eastern-company-dominate-40-of-egypts-tobacco-market\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631. \u0635 4-5.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0625\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0631\u063a\u0646\u064a\u060c &#8220;\u0637\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u062e\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 (2) ( \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u062e\u0635\u0629)&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c 21 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2024\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ahewar.org\/debat\/show.art.asp?aid=830392\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ahewar.org\/debat\/show.art.asp?aid=830392<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_44164_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_44164_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_44164_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Afolake Oyinloye, \u201cEgypt\u2019s Tourism Sector Hits Record Revenues\u201d, <em>Africa News<\/em> 3 January 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2025\/01\/03\/egypts-tourism-sector-hits-record-revenues\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2025\/01\/03\/egypts-tourism-sector-hits-record-revenues\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_44164_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_44164_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_44164_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_44164_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_44164_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_44164_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_44164_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_44164_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_44164_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_44164_1(); } } function 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