{"id":43377,"date":"2026-05-27T15:56:54","date_gmt":"2026-05-27T13:56:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arab-reform.net\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=43377"},"modified":"2026-05-28T16:05:26","modified_gmt":"2026-05-28T14:05:26","slug":"%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/www.arab-reform.net\/ar\/publication\/%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a: 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_43377_1('footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_43377_1('footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">UNESCO, <em>The Chilling: Global Trends in Online Violence Against Women Journalists<\/em>, UNESCO, 2021, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000377223\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000377223<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 (UNESCO, <em>The Chilling<\/em>).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Samantha Bradshaw and Philip N. Howard, <em>The Global Disinformation Order: 2019 Global Inventory of Organised Social Media Manipulation<\/em>, Oxford Internet Institute, 2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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<em>Tipping Point: The Chilling Escalation of Violence Against Women in the Public Sphere in the Age of AI<\/em>, UN Women, 2025, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/knowledge.unwomen.org\/en\/digital-library\/publications\/2025\/12\/tipping-point-the-chilling-escalation-of-online-violence-against-women-in-the-public-sphere\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/knowledge.unwomen.org\/en\/digital-library\/publications\/2025\/12\/tipping-point-the-chilling-escalation-of-online-violence-against-women-in-the-public-sphere<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 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href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/ar\/stories\/2024\/12\/digital-rights-are-human-rights-women-activists-fight-cybersexism\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/ar\/stories\/2024\/12\/digital-rights-are-human-rights-women-activists-fight-cybersexism<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0636: \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 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'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2007 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_43377_1('footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hamid Khalafallah, <em>Beyond the Battlefield: Sudan\u2019s Virtual Propaganda Warzone<\/em>, Timep, 14 January 2025, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/timep.org\/2025\/01\/14\/beyond-the-battlefield-sudans-virtual-propaganda-warzone\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/timep.org\/2025\/01\/14\/beyond-the-battlefield-sudans-virtual-propaganda-warzone\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], 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role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_43377_1('footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_43377_1('footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">19<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">UNESCO, <em>The Chilling<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0634 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a 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onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_43377_1('footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">20<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641\u060c 22 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2026.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a 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id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">UNESCO, <em>The Chilling.<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0623\u0648 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class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_43377_1('footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_43377_1('footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">22<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c <em>\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/em>\u060c 2024\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/sudalytica.beamreports.com\/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/sudalytica.beamreports.com\/&#8230;<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 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Woolley and Philip N. Howard, <em>Computational Propaganda: Political Parties, Politicians, and Political Manipulation on Social Media<\/em>, Oxford University Press, 2018.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_43377_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639 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effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'bottom center', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0641\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f.<a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_43377_1();\">Endnotes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_43377_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_43377_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_43377_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Endnotes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">UNESCO, <em>The Chilling: Global Trends in Online Violence Against Women Journalists<\/em>, UNESCO, 2021, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000377223\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000377223<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 (UNESCO, <em>The Chilling<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u064a\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627<\/em>\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2024\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-09\/technology-facilitated-gender-based-violence-shared-research-agenda-ar.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-09\/technology-facilitated-gender-based-violence-shared-research-agenda-ar.pdf<\/span><\/a> (\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c <em>\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/em>\u060c 2024\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/sudanesejs.org\/storage\/app\/Reports\/6GRloLM7l8bXEG8k7W4dpyAaGya2Lbi89NywfHJ3.pdf?v=1\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/sudanesejs.org\/storage\/app\/Reports\/6GRloLM7l8bXEG8k7W4dpyAaGya2Lbi89NywfHJ3.pdf?v=1<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 <em>(<\/em>\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c <em>\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a).<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 [\u062d\u064f\u062c\u0650\u0628\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629]\u060c \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c 11 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2026.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Samantha Bradshaw and Philip N. Howard, <em>The Global Disinformation Order: 2019 Global Inventory of Organised Social Media Manipulation<\/em>, Oxford Internet Institute, 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">UN Women, <em>Tipping Point: The Chilling Escalation of Violence Against Women in the Public Sphere in the Age of AI<\/em>, UN Women, 2025, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/knowledge.unwomen.org\/en\/digital-library\/publications\/2025\/12\/tipping-point-the-chilling-escalation-of-online-violence-against-women-in-the-public-sphere\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/knowledge.unwomen.org\/en\/digital-library\/publications\/2025\/12\/tipping-point-the-chilling-escalation-of-online-violence-against-women-in-the-public-sphere<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646: \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a&#8221;\u060c 2024\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/ar\/stories\/2024\/12\/digital-rights-are-human-rights-women-activists-fight-cybersexism\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/ar\/stories\/2024\/12\/digital-rights-are-human-rights-women-activists-fight-cybersexism<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">UNESCO, <em>The Chilling<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c 23 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2026.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c 25 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2026.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/em>\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u062f\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2025\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/portal.salamatmena.org\/publication\/dvaw-mena-conflict-zones-2025-ar\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/portal.salamatmena.org\/publication\/dvaw-mena-conflict-zones-2025-ar\/<\/span><\/a> (\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0643\u060c \u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c 28 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2026.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/em>\u060c 2025.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Hamid Khalafallah, <em>Beyond the Battlefield: Sudan\u2019s Virtual Propaganda Warzone<\/em>, Timep, 14 January 2025, available at <a href=\"https:\/\/timep.org\/2025\/01\/14\/beyond-the-battlefield-sudans-virtual-propaganda-warzone\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/timep.org\/2025\/01\/14\/beyond-the-battlefield-sudans-virtual-propaganda-warzone\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0648\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c 19 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2026.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u060c <em>\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u064a\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/em>\u060c 2025.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">UNESCO, <em>The Chilling<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641\u060c 22 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2026.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">UNESCO, <em>The Chilling.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c <em>\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/em>\u060c 2024\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/sudalytica.beamreports.com\/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/sudalytica.beamreports.com\/&#8230;<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Samuel C. Woolley and Philip N. Howard, <em>Computational Propaganda: Political Parties, Politicians, and Political Manipulation on Social Media<\/em>, Oxford University Press, 2018.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_24');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0639\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u060c 27 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2026.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_25');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c <em>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/em>\u060c 2018 (\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c <em>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/em>).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_26');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c <em>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_27');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c <em>\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/em><em>.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_28');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_43377_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_43377_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_43377_1_29');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_43377_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_43377_1').show(); 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